Pertussis vaccines: The first hundred years

Vaccines against pertussis have been used for more than a hundred years. This review describes the development of whole-cell (wP) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, which, as DTP combination vaccines, have significantly reduced morbidity and mortality from pertussis, and which currently serve as the building blocks for a variety of vaccines used to immunize all infants worldwide. Two series of efficacy trials done in the 1950s for wP vaccines and in the 1990s for aP-vaccines have established standards for studying vaccine effectiveness. However, irrespective of their longtime use, critical aspects of pertussis vaccines remain unknown, including the exact mechanisms of protective immunity and a correlate of protection. Research to improve on the effectiveness and the duration of protection is ongoing, but although the vaccines are not perfect, only their continued use with a high coverage will ensure that infants and children are being protected from pertussis.     

1998—2017年天津市滨海新区塘沽地区儿童青少年死亡原因与减寿分析

目的 了解天津市滨海新区塘沽地区5～19岁儿童青少年的主要死亡原因,为政府等相关部门制定干预措施及政策提供可靠依据。方法 按照国际疾病分类法(ICD-9 和ICD-10)统一编码。用粗死亡率、标化死亡率、死因构成比、潜在减寿年数(PYLL)、潜在减寿率(PYLLR)、标化减寿年数(SPYLL)和标化减寿率(SPYLLR)等健康测量指标对天津市滨海新区塘沽地区20年间的死亡报表进行分析。采用Excel 2017、SPSS 20.0 软件进行统计分析,死亡率的比较采用χ2检验。结果 天津市滨海新区塘沽儿童青少年死亡率为39.02/10万,标化死亡率为5.63/10 万,男性死亡率为27.6/10 万,女性死亡率为18.4/10万,男性高于女性,差异有统计学意义(χ2 =2.87,P<0.05)。损伤中毒(17.33/10万)和肿瘤(9.13/10 万)是危害儿童青少年最主要的死因,占全死因死亡的67.8%。儿童青少年全死因PYLL 为15175.5人年,SPYLL 为8497.37 人年,潜在减寿率 为11.8‰,标化潜在减寿率 为29.5‰。结论 损伤中毒、肿瘤是天津市滨海新区塘沽地区5～19 岁儿童青少年的主要死因,要采取行之有效的干预措施减少死亡,降低疾病负担和寿命损失,促进儿童青少年的身心健康。     

Effects of garlic powder supplementation on insulin resistance,oxidative stress,and body composition in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and obesity are major contributors to NAFLD pathogenesis. The effects of garlic powder supplementation on these risk factors in patients with NAFLD was investigated.MethodsIn this 12-wk, randomized controlled clinical trial, ninety patients with NAFLD were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group received four tablets of garlic (each coated tablet contained 400 mg garlic powder) daily and the control group received four tablets of placebo (each coated tablet contained 400 mg starch).ResultsA significant decrease was seen in the treatment group compared to the control group in waist circumference (P = 0.001), body fat percent (P < 0.001), serum concentration of fasting blood sugar (P = 0.01), insulin (P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (P < 0.001), and malondialdehyde (P < 0.001), as well as significant increase in skeletal muscle mass (P = 0.002), serum concentration of superoxide dismutase (P < 0.001), and total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.001).ConclusionGarlic powder supplementation improved risk factors of NAFLD. Further studies are needed to determine the effects of garlic on hepatic features in patients with NAFLD. The study protocol was registered at Iranian clinical trials website under code IRCT20170206032417N4.     

Diagnostic accuracy of glycated hemoglobin compared with oral glucose tolerance test for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in Chinese adults: A meta-analysis

Aims

A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) for diabetes in Chinese adults.

Methods

Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was selected as the reference standard. PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP were searched to obtain all diagnostic tests with HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) for diabetes in Chinese adults published between January 2003 and October 2013. The qualities of the included studies were assessed by using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. Meta-DiSc software was used to conduct a comprehensive quantitative assessment, and summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curves were obtained.

Results

A total of 9 studies with 25,932 subjects were included. Pooled sensitivity was 0.518, pooled specificity 0.956, pooled positive likelihood ratio 19.007 and pooled negative likelihood ratio was 0.477. Pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 40.631. AUC_sROC was 0.929.

Conclusion

Compared with OGTT, using HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) to diagnose diabetes in Chinese adults exhibited high specificity and low sensitivity and would have failed to diagnose 48.7% of newly diagnosed diabetes. The diagnostic HbA1c value could be reduced to improve sensitivity. Long-term prospective studies are required to establish an appropriate HbA1c value as a diagnostic criterion for diabetes in China.     

预防接种门诊冷链自动监测系统应用效果评价

目的了解预防接种门诊冷链运转情况,评价冷链自动监测系统使用效果。方法在市区、郊区、郊县分别选取1个区(县)记录使用自动监测系统前后的手工和自动模式下的监测数据,比较二者差异。结果 3个区(县)冷链冰箱5年内购置比例为60.14%,手工与自动监测模式下,冰箱机械故障、电源断电、停机维护、温度超标这4种异常事件发生率分别为2.90%、2.17%、19.57%、5.80%和8.70%、17.39%、16.67%、23.19%。采用自动监测系统后机械故障、电源断电、温度超标的报告数量较手工方式分别提高了2倍、7倍、3倍,郊县提升幅度最为明显。结论相对手工管理模式,冷链自动监测系统在完整性、准确性、及时性、敏感性等方面具有明显优势,对于保障预防接种门诊冷链安全具有重要作用,应进一步推广使用。